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* WebSocket Singleton Manager
*
* Ensures exactly ONE WebSocket connection exists across the entire application.
* Key features:
* - Global singleton pattern (module-level instance)
* - Message buffering with configurable flush interval
* - Exponential backoff reconnection
* - Event-based architecture for React integration
* - Cloudflare Tunnel compatible (standard WebSocket protocol)
*
* CRITICAL: ws.send() NEVER creates a new WebSocket
* CRITICAL: Only 1 connection → many messages
*/
import { Logger } from "@shared/logger";
import type { WSMessage } from "@shared/schema";
import { isArduinoMessage } from "@/types/websocket";
const logger = new Logger("WebSocketManager");
// Connection states for external consumers
export type ConnectionState = "connecting" | "connected" | "disconnected" | "reconnecting";
// Event types emitted by the manager
interface WSManagerEvents {
stateChange: (state: ConnectionState) => void;
message: (data: WSMessage) => void;
error: (error: string) => void;
}
// Configuration
const CONFIG = {
// Message buffer settings
BUFFER_FLUSH_INTERVAL_MS: 30, // Collect messages for 30ms before sending
MAX_BUFFER_SIZE: 100, // Force flush if buffer exceeds this
// Reconnection settings
RECONNECT_BASE_DELAY_MS: 1000,
RECONNECT_MAX_DELAY_MS: 30000,
RECONNECT_MAX_ATTEMPTS: Infinity,
// Connection settings
CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS: 30_000,
// Thundering-herd mitigation: stagger initial connection when embedded in an
// iframe so that 50+ simultaneous instances don't all hit the server at once.
IFRAME_STAGGER_MAX_MS: 10_000,
} as const;
class WebSocketManager {
private static instance: WebSocketManager | null = null;
private ws: WebSocket | null = null;
private state: ConnectionState = "disconnected";
private reconnectAttempts = 0;
private reconnectTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
private connectionTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
private staggerTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
// Message buffer for batching
private messageBuffer: WSMessage[] = [];
private bufferFlushTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
// Event listeners
private readonly listeners: Map<keyof WSManagerEvents, Set<Function>> = new Map();
// Prevent duplicate connection attempts
private isConnecting = false;
// Track if we ever successfully connected (for UI messaging)
private _hasEverConnected = false;
// Whether initial connection stagger has been applied (one-time only)
private initialStaggerApplied = false;
// Test isolation: unique ID for E2E tests
private testRunId: string | null = null;
private constructor() {
// Private constructor for singleton
logger.info("WebSocketManager instance created");
}
/**
* Get the singleton instance
*/
public static getInstance(): WebSocketManager {
WebSocketManager.instance ??= new WebSocketManager();
return WebSocketManager.instance;
}
/**
* Set testRunId for E2E test isolation (test-only feature)
* Call this before connect() to associate this connection with a specific test
*/
public setTestRunId(id: string): void {
this.testRunId = id;
logger.debug(`[Test Isolation] testRunId set: ${id}`);
}
/**
* Clear testRunId (called when E2E test resets)
*/
public clearTestRunId(): void {
this.testRunId = null;
logger.debug(`[Test Isolation] testRunId cleared`);
}
/**
* Check if we're inside an iframe and should stagger the initial connection.
* Returns true if a stagger was scheduled (caller should return early).
*/
private applyIframeStagger(): boolean {
if (this.initialStaggerApplied) return false;
this.initialStaggerApplied = true;
try {
const inIframe = globalThis.window !== undefined && globalThis.window !== globalThis.window.parent;
if (!inIframe) return false;
} catch {
// Cross-origin iframe access may throw — connect immediately
return false;
}
// Prefer deterministic stagger from ?iframeIndex=N URL param.
// This is immune to Chromium's background-timer throttling which defeats
// Math.random()-based stagger (all timers end up in the same 1-s throttle
// bucket when Chrome classifies the iframe as "hidden").
const params = new URLSearchParams(globalThis.location?.search ?? "");
const iframeIndex = Number.parseInt(params.get("iframeIndex") ?? "", 10);
const staggerMs = Number.isNaN(iframeIndex)
? (crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint32Array(1))[0] / 0xFFFFFFFF) * CONFIG.IFRAME_STAGGER_MAX_MS
: Math.min(iframeIndex * 250, CONFIG.IFRAME_STAGGER_MAX_MS);
logger.info(
`[Iframe] Staggering initial connection by ${Math.round(staggerMs)}ms` +
(Number.isNaN(iframeIndex) ? " (random)" : ` (iframeIndex=${iframeIndex})`),
);
this.staggerTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
this.staggerTimeout = null;
this.connect();
}, staggerMs);
return true;
}
/**
* Initialize and connect WebSocket
* Safe to call multiple times - will not create duplicate connections
*/
public connect(): void {
// Guard: Already connected or connecting
if (this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
logger.debug("Already connected, skipping connect()");
return;
}
Iif (this.isConnecting) {
logger.debug("Connection already in progress, skipping connect()");
return;
}
// Guard: WebSocket in CONNECTING state
Iif (this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
logger.debug("WebSocket already connecting, skipping");
return;
}
// Thundering-herd mitigation: stagger the very first connection when
// embedded in an iframe so 50+ instances don't handshake simultaneously.
Iif (this.applyIframeStagger()) return;
this.isConnecting = true;
this.setState("connecting");
// Clean up any existing connection
this.cleanupConnection();
const protocol = globalThis.location.protocol === "https:" ? "wss:" : "ws:";
let wsUrl = `${protocol}//${globalThis.location.host}/ws`;
// Check for testRunId from sessionStorage (E2E test isolation)
// or use previously set testRunId
if (!this.testRunId && globalThis.window !== undefined) {
try {
const storedTestRunId = globalThis.sessionStorage?.getItem("__TEST_RUN_ID__");
Iif (storedTestRunId) {
this.testRunId = storedTestRunId;
logger.debug(`[Test Isolation] Loaded testRunId from sessionStorage: ${this.testRunId}`);
}
} catch (err) {
logger.debug(`Could not read sessionStorage: ${err}`);
}
}
// Add testRunId query param for E2E test isolation
if (this.testRunId) {
wsUrl += `?testRunId=${encodeURIComponent(this.testRunId)}`;
}
const testRunSuffix = this.testRunId ? ` [testRunId: ${this.testRunId}]` : "";
logger.info(`Connecting to WebSocket: ${wsUrl}${testRunSuffix}`);
try {
this.ws = new WebSocket(wsUrl);
// Set connection timeout
this.connectionTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
Eif (this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
logger.warn("Connection timeout - closing socket");
this.ws.close();
this.handleConnectionFailure("Connection timeout");
}
}, CONFIG.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MS);
this.ws.onopen = this.handleOpen.bind(this);
this.ws.onmessage = this.handleMessage.bind(this);
this.ws.onclose = this.handleClose.bind(this);
this.ws.onerror = this.handleError.bind(this);
} catch (error) {
logger.error(`Failed to create WebSocket: ${error}`);
this.handleConnectionFailure(`Failed to create WebSocket: ${error}`);
}
}
/**
* Send a message through the WebSocket
* Messages are buffered and sent in batches for efficiency
*/
public send(message: WSMessage): boolean {
// CRITICAL: Never create new WebSocket in send()
if (this.ws?.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
logger.warn(`Cannot send - WebSocket not open (state: ${this.ws?.readyState}). Message dropped: ${message.type}`);
return false;
}
// Add to buffer
this.messageBuffer.push(message);
// Force flush if buffer is full
if (this.messageBuffer.length >= CONFIG.MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
this.flushBuffer();
return true;
}
// Schedule flush if not already scheduled
this.bufferFlushTimeout ??= setTimeout(() => {
this.flushBuffer();
}, CONFIG.BUFFER_FLUSH_INTERVAL_MS);
return true;
}
/**
* Send immediately without buffering (for critical messages)
*/
public sendImmediate(message: WSMessage): boolean {
if (this.ws?.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
logger.warn(`Cannot send immediate - WebSocket not open. Message: ${message.type}`);
return false;
}
try {
this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(message));
return true;
} catch (error) {
logger.error(`Failed to send message: ${error}`);
return false;
}
}
/**
* Flush the message buffer
*/
private flushBuffer(): void {
Eif (this.bufferFlushTimeout) {
clearTimeout(this.bufferFlushTimeout);
this.bufferFlushTimeout = null;
}
Iif (this.messageBuffer.length === 0) return;
Iif (this.ws?.readyState !== WebSocket.OPEN) {
logger.warn(`Cannot flush buffer - WebSocket not open. ${this.messageBuffer.length} messages dropped.`);
this.messageBuffer = [];
return;
}
// Send each message individually (server expects individual messages)
// But we batch the sends in one synchronous block
const messages = [...this.messageBuffer];
this.messageBuffer = [];
for (const msg of messages) {
try {
this.ws.send(JSON.stringify(msg));
} catch (error) {
logger.error(`Failed to send buffered message: ${error}`);
}
}
if (messages.length > 1) {
logger.debug(`Flushed ${messages.length} buffered messages`);
}
}
/**
* Gracefully disconnect
*/
public disconnect(): void {
logger.info("Disconnecting WebSocket");
Iif (this.staggerTimeout) {
clearTimeout(this.staggerTimeout);
this.staggerTimeout = null;
}
this.cancelReconnect();
this.cleanupConnection();
this.setState("disconnected");
}
/**
* Subscribe to events
*/
public on<K extends keyof WSManagerEvents>(event: K, callback: WSManagerEvents[K]): () => void {
Eif (!this.listeners.has(event)) {
this.listeners.set(event, new Set());
}
const listeners = this.listeners.get(event);
Eif (listeners) {
listeners.add(callback);
}
// Return unsubscribe function
return () => {
this.listeners.get(event)?.delete(callback);
};
}
/**
* Get current connection state
*/
public getState(): ConnectionState {
return this.state;
}
/**
* Check if connected
*/
public isConnected(): boolean {
return this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN;
}
/**
* Check if ever successfully connected
*/
public hasEverConnected(): boolean {
return this._hasEverConnected;
}
// --- Private methods ---
private handleOpen(): void {
this.isConnecting = false;
this.clearConnectionTimeout();
this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
this._hasEverConnected = true;
logger.info("WebSocket connected successfully");
this.setState("connected");
}
private handleMessage(event: MessageEvent): void {
try {
const raw = JSON.parse(event.data);
if (!isArduinoMessage(raw)) {
logger.error(`Invalid WebSocket message schema: ${JSON.stringify(raw)}`);
return;
}
this.emit("message", raw);
} catch (error) {
logger.error(`Invalid WebSocket message: ${error}. Raw: ${event.data}`);
}
}
private handleClose(event: CloseEvent): void {
this.isConnecting = false;
this.clearConnectionTimeout();
// Code 1001 is normal closure - log at DEBUG level, others at INFO
const logLevel = event.code === 1001 ? 'debug' : 'info';
logger[logLevel](`WebSocket closed: code=${event.code}, reason=${event.reason || "none"}`);
// Only reconnect if we didn't explicitly disconnect
Eif (this.state !== "disconnected") {
this.scheduleReconnect();
}
}
private handleError(event: Event): void {
logger.error(`WebSocket error: ${event.type}`);
this.emit("error", "WebSocket connection error");
}
private handleConnectionFailure(reason: string): void {
this.isConnecting = false;
this.clearConnectionTimeout();
this.emit("error", reason);
this.scheduleReconnect();
}
private scheduleReconnect(): void {
// Guard: Don't reconnect if explicitly disconnected
Iif (this.state === "disconnected") return;
// Guard: Already have a reconnect scheduled
if (this.reconnectTimeout) return;
// Guard: Max attempts reached
Iif (this.reconnectAttempts >= CONFIG.RECONNECT_MAX_ATTEMPTS) {
logger.warn(`Max reconnect attempts (${CONFIG.RECONNECT_MAX_ATTEMPTS}) reached. Giving up.`);
this.setState("disconnected");
this.emit("error", "Max reconnection attempts reached. Please refresh the page.");
return;
}
// Calculate delay with exponential backoff + jitter
const baseDelay = CONFIG.RECONNECT_BASE_DELAY_MS * Math.pow(2, this.reconnectAttempts);
const jitter = (crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint32Array(1))[0] / 0xFFFFFFFF) * 1000; // 0-1s random jitter
const delay = Math.min(baseDelay + jitter, CONFIG.RECONNECT_MAX_DELAY_MS);
this.reconnectAttempts++;
this.setState("reconnecting");
logger.debug(`Scheduling reconnect in ${Math.round(delay)}ms (attempt ${this.reconnectAttempts})`);
this.reconnectTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
this.reconnectTimeout = null;
this.connect();
}, delay);
}
private cancelReconnect(): void {
Iif (this.reconnectTimeout) {
clearTimeout(this.reconnectTimeout);
this.reconnectTimeout = null;
}
this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
}
private clearConnectionTimeout(): void {
if (this.connectionTimeout) {
clearTimeout(this.connectionTimeout);
this.connectionTimeout = null;
}
}
private cleanupConnection(): void {
// Flush any remaining buffered messages
if (this.bufferFlushTimeout) {
clearTimeout(this.bufferFlushTimeout);
this.bufferFlushTimeout = null;
}
this.messageBuffer = [];
if (this.ws) {
// Remove all event handlers to prevent memory leaks
this.ws.onopen = null;
this.ws.onmessage = null;
this.ws.onclose = null;
this.ws.onerror = null;
// Only close if not already closed/closing
if (this.ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN || this.ws.readyState === WebSocket.CONNECTING) {
try {
this.ws.close(1000, "Client disconnect");
} catch {
// Ignore close errors
}
}
this.ws = null;
}
}
private setState(newState: ConnectionState): void {
Eif (this.state !== newState) {
logger.debug(`State change: ${this.state} → ${newState}`);
this.state = newState;
this.emit("stateChange", newState);
}
}
private emit<K extends keyof WSManagerEvents>(event: K, ...args: Parameters<WSManagerEvents[K]>): void {
const callbacks = this.listeners.get(event);
if (callbacks) {
callbacks.forEach(cb => {
try {
cb(...args);
} catch (error) {
logger.error(`Error in event handler for ${event}: ${error}`);
}
});
}
}
}
// Export singleton getter for clean imports
export const getWebSocketManager = (): WebSocketManager => WebSocketManager.getInstance();
// Export for debugging in browser console
Eif (globalThis.window !== undefined) {
(globalThis as any).__wsManager = getWebSocketManager;
}
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