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* Arduino Serial Class & Output Utilities — Step B extraction
*
* Exports the C++ SerialClass with:
* - TX buffer and backpressure simulation
* - base64 encoding for SERIAL_EVENT protocol frames
* - Number formatting (DEC / HEX / OCT / BIN), print/println overloads
* - Serial input buffer (mockInput, read, peek, readString*, parseInt, parseFloat)
* - `SerialClass Serial;` global instance
* - `delay()` implementation (placed here because it calls Serial.flush())
*
* Dependencies (must appear earlier in the assembled C++ source):
* - `cerrMutex` (ARDUINO_GLOBALS)
* - `millis()` (ARDUINO_TIMING_AND_RANDOM)
* - `String` class (ARDUINO_STRING_CLASS)
*/
export const ARDUINO_SERIAL_CLASS = String.raw`
// Serial class with working implementation
class SerialClass {
private:
std::mutex mtx;
std::queue<uint8_t> inputBuffer;
unsigned long _timeout = 1000; // Default timeout 1 second
bool initialized = false;
long _baudrate = 9600;
std::string lineBuffer; // Buffer to accumulate output until newline
// TX Buffer (backpressure simulation)
// Real Arduino Uno has 64-byte TX buffer, MEGA has 128-byte
// We use 256 to be generous with modern systems
static const size_t TX_BUFFER_SIZE = 256;
size_t txBufferUsed = 0; // Current bytes in TX buffer
std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastTxTime; // Initialized in constructor
// Simulate serial transmission delay for n characters
// 10 bits per char: start + 8 data + stop
// Also checks stdin during the delay for responsiveness
void txDelay(size_t numChars) {
if (_baudrate > 0 && numChars > 0) {
// Milliseconds total = (10 bits * numChars * 1000) / baudrate
long totalMs = (10L * numChars * 1000L) / _baudrate;
// Cap at 2ms so the SerialOutputBatcher is the sole rate-limiter.
// For short messages at standard baudrates (e.g. println("Hello") at 9600),
// txDelay stays realistic (1.2ms uncapped). For large messages or low baudrates,
// the mock runs faster than real UART and the batcher drops excess data.
if (totalMs > 2L) totalMs = 2L;
// Direct sleep (consistent with simplified delay() - no stdin polling during serial tx)
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(totalMs));
}
}
// Update TX buffer state - simulates bytes draining at baudrate
void updateTxBuffer() {
if (txBufferUsed > 0 && _baudrate > 0) {
auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - lastTxTime).count();
// Calculate how many bytes could drain in the elapsed time
// Drain rate: baudrate / 10 bits per byte = bytes per second
double bytesPerMs = (_baudrate / 10.0) / 1000.0;
size_t bytesDrained = static_cast<size_t>(elapsed * bytesPerMs);
if (bytesDrained > 0) {
txBufferUsed = (bytesDrained >= txBufferUsed) ? 0 : (txBufferUsed - bytesDrained);
lastTxTime = now;
}
}
}
// Block if TX buffer is getting full (backpressure)
void applyBackpressure(size_t newBytes) {
updateTxBuffer();
if (txBufferUsed + newBytes > TX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
// Buffer would overflow - calculate how long to wait
size_t bytesOverflow = (txBufferUsed + newBytes) - TX_BUFFER_SIZE;
double bytesPerMs = (_baudrate / 10.0) / 1000.0;
if (bytesPerMs > 0) {
// How long to wait for overflow bytes to drain?
unsigned long waitMs = static_cast<unsigned long>((bytesOverflow / bytesPerMs) + 1);
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(waitMs));
updateTxBuffer();
}
}
// Add new bytes to buffer
txBufferUsed += newBytes;
}
// Base64 encoder helper
static std::string base64_encode(const std::string &in) {
static const std::string b64_chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
std::string out;
int val=0, valb=-6;
for (unsigned char c : in) {
val = (val<<8) + c;
valb += 8;
while (valb>=0) {
out.push_back(b64_chars[(val>>valb)&0x3F]);
valb-=6;
}
}
if (valb>-6) out.push_back(b64_chars[((val<<8)>>(valb+8))&0x3F]);
while (out.size()%4) out.push_back('=');
return out;
}
// Flush the line buffer as a single SERIAL_EVENT
void flushLineBuffer() {
if (lineBuffer.empty()) return;
unsigned long ts = millis();
std::string enc = base64_encode(lineBuffer);
{ std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(cerrMutex);
std::cerr << "[[SERIAL_EVENT:" << ts << ":" << enc << "]]" << std::endl;
std::cerr.flush(); }
// Simulate transmit time for the whole buffer
txDelay(lineBuffer.length());
lineBuffer.clear();
}
// Output string - buffer until newline; flush BEFORE backspace/carriage return
// so that the control char stays with its following content
// WITH BACKPRESSURE: blocks if TX buffer would overflow
void serialWrite(const std::string& s) {
// Apply backpressure before adding to output buffer
applyBackpressure(s.length());
for (char c : s) {
if (c == '\b' || c == '\r') {
// Flush pending content BEFORE the control character
flushLineBuffer();
// Add backspace to buffer - it will be sent with the next char(s)
lineBuffer += c;
} else if (c == '\n') {
lineBuffer += c;
flushLineBuffer();
} else {
lineBuffer += c;
}
}
}
void serialWrite(char c) {
// Apply backpressure for single character
applyBackpressure(1);
if (c == '\b' || c == '\r') {
flushLineBuffer();
lineBuffer += c;
} else if (c == '\n') {
lineBuffer += c;
flushLineBuffer();
} else {
lineBuffer += c;
}
}
public:
SerialClass() {
std::cout.setf(std::ios::unitbuf);
std::cerr.setf(std::ios::unitbuf);
lastTxTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
// Fix for 'while (!Serial)' error
explicit operator bool() const {
return true; // The serial connection is always considered 'ready' in the mock
}
void begin(long baud) {
_baudrate = baud;
// Reset TX buffer state
txBufferUsed = 0;
lastTxTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
if (!initialized) {
// Disable buffering on stdout and stderr for immediate output
setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
initialized = true;
}
}
void begin(long baud, int config) { begin(baud); }
void end() {}
// Set timeout for read operations (in milliseconds)
void setTimeout(unsigned long timeout) {
_timeout = timeout;
}
int available() {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
return static_cast<int>(inputBuffer.size());
}
int read() {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
if (inputBuffer.empty()) return -1;
uint8_t b = inputBuffer.front();
inputBuffer.pop();
return b;
}
int peek() {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
if (inputBuffer.empty()) return -1;
return inputBuffer.front();
}
// Read string until terminator character
String readStringUntil(char terminator) {
String result;
while (available() > 0) {
int c = read();
if (c == -1) break;
if ((char)c == terminator) break;
result.concat((char)c);
}
return result;
}
// Read entire string (until timeout or no more data)
String readString() {
String result;
while (available() > 0) {
int c = read();
if (c == -1) break;
result.concat((char)c);
}
return result;
}
// Read bytes into buffer, returns number of bytes read
size_t readBytes(char* buffer, size_t length) {
size_t count = 0;
while (count < length && available() > 0) {
int c = read();
if (c == -1) break;
buffer[count++] = (char)c;
}
return count;
}
// Read bytes until terminator or length reached
size_t readBytesUntil(char terminator, char* buffer, size_t length) {
size_t count = 0;
while (count < length && available() > 0) {
int c = read();
if (c == -1) break;
if ((char)c == terminator) break;
buffer[count++] = (char)c;
}
return count;
}
void flush() {
// Flush the line buffer immediately (for Serial.print without newline)
flushLineBuffer();
std::cout << std::flush;
}
// Helper for number format conversion - returns string
// Supports any base >= 2, matching Arduino's Print::printNumber() behavior
std::string formatNumber(long n, int base) {
if (base < 2) base = 10; // Arduino defaults to base 10 for invalid bases
std::ostringstream oss;
if (base == DEC) {
oss << n;
} else if (base == HEX) {
oss << std::uppercase << std::hex << n << std::dec;
} else if (base == OCT) {
oss << std::oct << n << std::dec;
} else {
// General base conversion (BIN and any other base >= 2)
if (n == 0) { oss << "0"; }
else {
std::string result;
unsigned long un = (n < 0) ? (unsigned long)n : n;
while (un > 0) {
int digit = un % base;
result = (char)(digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : 'A' + digit - 10) + result;
un /= base;
}
oss << result;
}
}
return oss.str();
}
void printNumber(long n, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(n, base));
}
template<typename T> void print(T v) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << v;
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
// Special overload for byte/uint8_t (otherwise printed as char)
void print(byte v) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << (int)v;
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
// print with base format (DEC, HEX, OCT, BIN)
void print(int v, int base) { printNumber(v, base); }
void print(long v, int base) { printNumber(v, base); }
void print(unsigned int v, int base) { printNumber(v, base); }
void print(unsigned long v, int base) { printNumber(v, base); }
void print(byte v, int base) { printNumber(v, base); }
// Overload for floating-point with decimal places
void print(float v, int decimals) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(decimals) << v;
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
void print(double v, int decimals) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(decimals) << v;
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
template<typename T> void println(T v) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << v << "\n";
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
// Special overload for byte/uint8_t (otherwise printed as char)
void println(byte v) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << (int)v << "\n";
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
// println with base format (DEC, HEX, OCT, BIN)
void println(int v, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(v, base) + "\n");
}
void println(long v, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(v, base) + "\n");
}
void println(unsigned int v, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(v, base) + "\n");
}
void println(unsigned long v, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(v, base) + "\n");
}
void println(byte v, int base) {
serialWrite(formatNumber(v, base) + "\n");
}
// Overload for floating-point with decimal places
void println(float v, int decimals) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(decimals) << v << "\n";
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
void println(double v, int decimals) {
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(decimals) << v << "\n";
serialWrite(oss.str());
}
void println() {
serialWrite("\n");
}
// parseInt() - Reads next integer from Serial Input
int parseInt() {
int result = 0;
int c;
// Skip non-digit characters
while ((c = read()) != -1) {
if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '-') {
break;
}
}
if (c == -1) return 0;
boolean negative = (c == '-');
if (!negative && c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
result = c - '0';
}
while ((c = read()) != -1) {
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
result = result * 10 + (c - '0');
} else {
break;
}
}
return negative ? -result : result;
}
// parseFloat() - Reads next float from Serial Input
float parseFloat() {
float result = 0.0f;
float fraction = 0.0f;
float divisor = 1.0f;
boolean negative = false;
boolean inFraction = false;
int c;
// Skip non-digit characters (except minus and dot)
while ((c = read()) != -1) {
if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '-' || c == '.') {
break;
}
}
if (c == -1) return 0.0f;
// Handle negative sign
if (c == '-') {
negative = true;
c = read();
}
// Read integer and fractional parts
while (c != -1) {
if (c == '.') {
inFraction = true;
} else if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
if (inFraction) {
divisor *= 10.0f;
fraction += (c - '0') / divisor;
} else {
result = result * 10.0f + (c - '0');
}
} else {
break;
}
c = read();
}
result += fraction;
return negative ? -result : result;
}
void write(uint8_t b) { serialWrite(std::string(1, (char)b)); }
void write(const char* str) { serialWrite(std::string(str)); }
// Write buffer with length
size_t write(const uint8_t* buffer, size_t size) {
std::string s;
s.reserve(size);
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
s += (char)buffer[i];
}
serialWrite(s);
return size;
}
size_t write(const char* buffer, size_t size) {
return write((const uint8_t*)buffer, size);
}
void mockInput(const char* data, size_t len) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
inputBuffer.push(static_cast<uint8_t>(data[i]));
}
}
void mockInput(const std::string& data) {
mockInput(data.c_str(), data.size());
}
};
SerialClass Serial;
// Implementation of delay() after SerialClass is defined
inline void delay(unsigned long ms) {
// Flush serial buffer FIRST so output appears before the delay
Serial.flush();
// Direct sleep without chunking to avoid overhead from repeated system calls.
// The previous implementation split into 10ms chunks and called checkStdinForPinCommands()
// ~100 times per second, which added ~2ms per iteration (~200ms overhead for 1000ms delay).
// Real Arduino blocks completely during delay, so this matches expected behavior.
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(ms));
}
`;
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